Historically and traditionally, MAC has been closely associated with multilevel security (MLS) and specialized military systems. This allows security administrators to define a central policy that is guaranteed (in principle) to be enforced for all users. Under MAC (and unlike DAC), users cannot override or modify this policy, either accidentally or intentionally. (The traditional Unix system of users, groups, and read-write-execute permissions is an example of DAC.) MAC-enabled systems allow policy administrators to implement organization-wide security policies. By contrast, discretionary access control (DAC), which also governs the ability of subjects to access objects, allows users the ability to make policy decisions and/or assign security attributes. With mandatory access control, this security policy is centrally controlled by a security policy administrator users do not have the ability to override the policy and, for example, grant access to files that would otherwise be restricted. A database management system, in its access control mechanism, can also apply mandatory access control in this case, the objects are tables, views, procedures, etc. Any operation by any subject on any object is tested against the set of authorization rules (aka policy) to determine if the operation is allowed. Whenever a subject attempts to access an object, an authorization rule enforced by the operating system kernel examines these security attributes and decides whether the access can take place. Subjects and objects each have a set of security attributes. In the case of operating systems, a subject is usually a process or thread objects are constructs such as files, directories, TCP/ UDP ports, shared memory segments, IO devices, etc. In computer security, mandatory access control ( MAC) refers to a type of access control by which the operating system or database constrains the ability of a subject or initiator to access or generally perform some sort of operation on an object or target.
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